
{"id":10553,"date":"2021-11-11T15:20:59","date_gmt":"2021-11-11T14:20:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/careerfoundry.inbearbeitung.de\/en\/?p=10553"},"modified":"2023-08-30T19:01:17","modified_gmt":"2023-08-30T17:01:17","slug":"sentiment-analysis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/careerfoundry.inbearbeitung.de\/en\/blog\/data-analytics\/sentiment-analysis\/","title":{"rendered":"A Complete Guide to Sentiment Analysis"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>&#8220;That movie was a colossal disaster&#8230; I absolutely hated it! Waste of time and money #skipit&#8221;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>&#8220;Have you seen the new season of XYZ? It is so good!&#8221;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>&#8220;You should really check out this new app, it&#8217;s awesome! And it makes your life so convenient.&#8221;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By reading these comments, can you figure out what the emotions behind them are? <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They may seem obvious to you because we, as humans, are capable of discerning the complex emotional sentiments behind the text. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Not only have we been educated to understand the meanings, intentions, and grammar behind each of these particular sentences, but we&#8217;ve also personally felt many of these emotions before and, from our own experiences, can conjure up the deeper meaning behind these words. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Moreover, we&#8217;re also extremely familiar with the real-world objects that the text is referring to.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This doesn&#8217;t apply to machines, but they do have other ways of determining positive and negative sentiments! How do they do this, exactly? By using sentiment analysis.<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In this article, we will discuss how a computer can decipher emotions by using sentiment analysis methods, and what the implications of this can be. If you want to skip ahead to a certain section, simply use the clickable menu:<\/span><b><\/b><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"#what-is-sentiment-analysis\">What is sentiment analysis?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#how-does-it-work\">How does sentiment analysis work?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#use-cases\">Sentiment analysis use cases<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#machine-learning\">Machine learning and sentiment analysis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#advantages\">Advantages of sentiment analysis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#disadvantages\">Disadvantages of sentiment analysis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#next-steps\">Key takeaways and next steps<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 id=\"what-is-sentiment-analysis\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1. What is sentiment analysis?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With computers getting smarter and smarter, surely they\u2019re able to decipher and discern between the wide range of different human emotions, right? <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wrong\u2014while they are intelligent machines, computers can neither see nor feel any emotions, with the only input they receive being in the form of zeros and ones\u2014or what\u2019s more commonly known as binary code.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, on the other hand, computers excel at the one thing that humans struggle with: processing large amounts of data quickly and effectively. So, theoretically, if we could teach machines how to identify the sentiments behind the plain text, we could analyze and evaluate the emotional response to a certain product by analyzing hundreds of thousands of reviews or tweets. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This would, in turn, provide companies with invaluable feedback and help them tailor their next product to better suit the market\u2019s needs. So, what kind of process is this? Sentiment analysis!<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sentiment analysis, also known as <\/span><b>opinion mining<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, is the process of determining the emotions behind a piece of text. Sentiment analysis aims to categorize the given text as positive, negative, or neutral. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Furthermore, it then identifies and quantifies subjective information about those texts with the help of:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/careerfoundry.inbearbeitung.de\/en\/blog\/data-analytics\/what-are-nlp-algorithms\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">natural language processing (NLP)<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/careerfoundry.inbearbeitung.de\/en\/blog\/data-analytics\/text-analysis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">text analysis<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">computational linguistics<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/careerfoundry.inbearbeitung.de\/en\/blog\/data-analytics\/what-is-machine-learning\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> machine learning<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"how-does-it-work\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2. How does sentiment analysis work?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are two main methods for sentiment analysis: machine learning and lexicon-based. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The<strong> machine learning method<\/strong> leverages human-labeled data to train the text classifier, making it a supervised learning method. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <strong>lexicon-based approach<\/strong> breaks down a sentence into words and scores each word\u2019s semantic orientation based on a dictionary. It then adds up the various scores to arrive at a conclusion.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In this example, we will look at how sentiment analysis works using a simple lexicon-based approach. We&#8217;ll take the following comment as our test data:<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&#8220;That movie was a colossal disaster&#8230; I absolutely hated it! Waste of time and money #skipit&#8221;<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Step 1: Cleaning<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The initial step is to remove special characters and numbers from the text. In our example, we&#8217;ll remove the exclamation marks and commas from the comment above.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>That movie was a colossal disaster I absolutely hated it Waste of time and money skipit<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Step 2: Tokenization<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tokenization is the process of breaking down a text into smaller chunks called tokens, which are either individual words or short sentences. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Breaking down a paragraph into sentences is known as <\/span><b>sentence tokenization<\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and breaking down a sentence into words is known as <\/span><b>word tokenization<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>[ &#8216;That&#8217;, &#8216;movie&#8217;, &#8216;was&#8217;, &#8216;a&#8217;, &#8216;colossal&#8217;, &#8216;disaster&#8217;, \u2018I\u2019, \u2018absolutely\u2019, \u2018hated\u2019, \u2018it\u2019,\u00a0 &#8216;Waste&#8217;, &#8216;of&#8217;, &#8216;time&#8217;, &#8216;and&#8217;, &#8216;money&#8217;, &#8216;skipit&#8217; ]<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Step 3: Part-of-speech (POS) tagging<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>Part-of-speech<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> tagging is the process of tagging each word with its grammatical group, categorizing it as either a noun, pronoun, adjective, or adverb\u2014depending on its context. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This transforms each token into a tuple of the form (word, tag). POS tagging is used to preserve the context of a word.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>[ (\u2018That\u2019, \u2018DT\u2019),\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0(\u2018movie\u2019, \u2018NN\u2019),\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0(\u2018was\u2019, \u2018VBD\u2019),\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0(\u2018a\u2019, \u2018DT\u2019)\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0(\u2018colossal\u2019, \u2018JJ\u2019),\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0(\u2018disaster\u2019, \u2018NN\u2019),\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0(\u2018I\u2019, \u2018PRP\u2019),\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0(\u2018absolutely\u2019, \u2018RB\u2019),\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0(\u2018hated\u2019, \u2018VBD\u2019),\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0(\u2018it\u2019, \u2018PRP\u2019),\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0(\u2018Waste\u2019, \u2018NN\u2019) ,\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0(\u2018of\u2019, \u2018IN\u2019),\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0(\u2018time\u2019, \u2018NN\u2019),\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0(\u2018and\u2019, \u2018CC\u2019),<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0(\u2018money\u2019, \u2018NN\u2019),\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0(\u2018skipit\u2019, \u2018NN\u2019) ]<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Step 4: Removing stop words<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stop words are words like \u2018have,\u2019 \u2018but,\u2019 \u2018we,\u2019 \u2018he,\u2019 \u2018into,\u2019 \u2018just,\u2019 and so on. These words carry information of little value, andare generally considered noise, so they are removed from the data.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>[ &#8216;movie&#8217;, &#8216;colossal&#8217;, &#8216;disaster&#8217;, \u2018absolutely\u2019, \u2018hated\u2019, Waste&#8217;, &#8216;time&#8217;, &#8216;money&#8217;, &#8216;skipit&#8217; ]<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Step 5: Stemming<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stemming is a process of linguistic normalization which removes the suffix of each of these words and reduces them to their base word. For example, loved is reduced to love, wasted is reduced to waste.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Here, hated is reduced to hate.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>[ &#8216;movie&#8217;, &#8216;colossal&#8217;, &#8216;disaster&#8217;, \u2018absolutely\u2019, \u2018hate\u2019, &#8216;Waste&#8217;, &#8216;time&#8217;, &#8216;money&#8217;, &#8216;skipit&#8217; ]<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Step 6: Final <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Analysis<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In a lexicon-based approach, the remaining words are compared against the sentiment libraries, and the scores obtained for each token are added or averaged. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sentiment libraries are a list of predefined words and phrases which are manually scored by humans. For example, &#8216;worst&#8217; is scored -3, and &#8216;amazing&#8217; is scored +3.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With a basic dictionary, our example comment will be turned into:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>movie= 0, colossal= 0, disaster= -2, \u00a0absolutely=0, hate=-2, waste= -1, time= 0, money= 0, skipit= 0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This makes the overall score of the comment <strong>-5<\/strong>, classifying the comment as negative.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"use-cases\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3. Sentiment analysis use cases<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sentiment analysis is used to swiftly glean insights from enormous amounts of text data, with its applications ranging from politics, finance, retail, hospitality, and healthcare. For instance, consider its usefulness in the following scenarios:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Brand reputation management: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0Sentiment analysis allows you to track all the online chatter about your brand and spot potential PR disasters before they become major concerns.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Voice of the customer:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The &#8220;voice of the customer&#8221; refers to the feedback and opinions you get from your clients all over the world. You can improve your product and meet your clients\u2019 needs with the help of this feedback and sentiment analysis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Voice of the employee:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 Employee satisfaction can be measured for your company by analyzing reviews on sites like Glassdoor, allowing you to determine how to improve the work environment you have created.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Market research: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You can analyze and monitor internet reviews of your products and those of your competitors to see how the public differentiates between them, helping you glean indispensable feedback and refine your products and marketing strategies accordingly. Furthermore, sentiment analysis in market research can also anticipate future trends and thus have a first-mover advantage.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other applications for sentiment analysis could include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Customer support<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Social media monitoring<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Voice assistants &amp; chatbots<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Election polls<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Customer experience about a product<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stock market sentiment and market movement<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Analyzing movie reviews<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"machine-learning\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4. Machine learning and sentiment analysis<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sentiment analysis tasks are typically treated as classification problems in the machine learning approach. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Data analysts use historical textual data\u2014which is manually labeled as positive, negative, or neutral\u2014as the training set. They then complete feature extraction on this labeled dataset, using this initial data to train the model to recognize the relevant patterns. Next, they can accurately predict the sentiment of a fresh piece of text using our trained model.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Naive Bayes, logistic regression, support vector machines, and neural networks are some of the classification algorithms commonly used in sentiment analysis tasks. The high accuracy of prediction is one of the key advantages of the machine learning approach.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"advantages\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5. Advantages of sentiment analysis<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Considering large amounts of data on the internet are entirely unstructured, data analysts need a way to evaluate this data. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With regards to sentiment analysis, data analysts want to extract and identify emotions, attitudes, and opinions from our sample sets. Reading and assigning a rating to a large number of reviews, tweets, and comments is not an easy task, but with the help of sentiment analysis, this can be accomplished quickly. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another unparalleled feature of sentiment analysis is its ability to quickly analyze data such as new product launches or new policy proposals in real time. Thus, sentiment analysis can be a cost-effective and efficient way to gauge and accordingly manage public opinion.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"disadvantages\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6. Disadvantages of sentiment analysis<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sentiment analysis, as fascinating as it is, is not without its flaws. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Human language is nuanced and often far from straightforward. Machines might struggle to identify the emotions behind an individual piece of text despite their extensive grasp of past data. Some situations where sentiment analysis might fail are:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Sarcasm, jokes, irony.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> These things generally don&#8217;t follow a fixed set of rules, so they might not be correctly classified by sentiment analytics systems.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Nuance. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Words can have multiple meanings and connotations, which are entirely subject to the context they occur in.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Multipolarity.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> When the given text is positive in some parts and negative in others.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Negation detection.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It can be challenging for the machine because the function and the scope of the word &#8216;not&#8217; in a sentence is not definite; moreover, suffixes and prefixes such as &#8216;non-,\u2019 &#8216;dis-,\u2019 &#8216;-less&#8217; etc. can change the meaning of a text.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"next-steps\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">7. Key takeaways and next steps<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In this article, we examined the science and nuances of sentiment analysis. While sentimental analysis is a method that\u2019s nowhere near perfect, as more data is generated and fed into machines, they will continue to get smarter and improve the accuracy with which they process that data.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All in all, sentimental analysis has a large use case and is an indispensable tool for companies that hope to leverage the power of data to make optimal decisions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For those who believe in the power of data science and want to learn more, we recommend taking this <\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/careerfoundry.inbearbeitung.de\/en\/short-courses\/become-a-data-analyst\/\">free, 5-day introductory course in data analytics<\/a><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. You could also read more about related topics by reading any of the following articles:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/careerfoundry.inbearbeitung.de\/en\/blog\/data-analytics\/best-data-books\/\">The Best Data Books for Aspiring Data Analysts<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/careerfoundry.inbearbeitung.de\/en\/blog\/data-analytics\/pytorch-vs-tensorflow\/\">PyTorch vs TensorFlow: What Are They And Which Should You Use?<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/careerfoundry.inbearbeitung.de\/en\/blog\/data-analytics\/best-data-bootcamps-for-learning-python\/\">These Are the Best Data Bootcamps for Learning Python<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Social media is full of opinions\u2014some good, some bad, all valid. Often, these opinions are mined for feedback purposes\u2014this is called sentiment analysis. How does it work, exactly? Find out more here.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":123,"featured_media":10557,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_lmt_disableupdate":"yes","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10553","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-data-analytics"],"acf":{"homepage_category_featured":false,"cards_inner_programs_lists_left":"","cards_inner_programs_lists_right":"","related_plan_cards":""},"modified_by":"Rash SEO","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/careerfoundry.inbearbeitung.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10553","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/careerfoundry.inbearbeitung.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/careerfoundry.inbearbeitung.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/careerfoundry.inbearbeitung.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/123"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/careerfoundry.inbearbeitung.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10553"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/careerfoundry.inbearbeitung.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10553\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":28665,"href":"https:\/\/careerfoundry.inbearbeitung.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10553\/revisions\/28665"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/careerfoundry.inbearbeitung.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10557"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/careerfoundry.inbearbeitung.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10553"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/careerfoundry.inbearbeitung.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10553"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/careerfoundry.inbearbeitung.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10553"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}